Othello himself: Some argue that Othello's tragic downfall is ultimately a result of his own character flaws. His intense jealousy and susceptibility to manipulation make him vulnerable to Iago's schemes. His inability to control his emotions and think rationally leads to rash decisions that contribute to the tragic outcome.
Iago: Iago is often seen as the primary villain and the driving force behind the tragedy. His cunning, malicious, and deceitful nature leads him to orchestrate a web of lies and manipulations to destroy Othello's happiness and reputation. Iago's machinations not only manipulate Othello but also exploit the weaknesses of others, setting the stage for disaster.
Desdemona: Some analyses suggest that Desdemona's lack of agency and her inability to defend herself adequately also contribute to the tragedy. Her unwavering trust in Othello and her reluctance to speak up against Iago's accusations hinder her from clearing her name and preventing the tragic fate that befalls her.
Others: Additional characters, such as Roderigo and Cassio, play roles in the events, but their contributions to the tragedy are often seen as secondary compared to the primary figures discussed above.
Ultimately, "Othello" presents a complex narrative with interconnected factors leading to the tragic conclusion. The play explores how character flaws, external manipulations, and societal forces can entangle individuals in a web of destructive and irreversible consequences.