Historical context:
The piano evolved from earlier keyboard instruments like the harpsichord and clavichord, which had a smaller range of keys. Around the 17th and 18th centuries, composers began experimenting with music that required a wider pitch range, leading to the development of larger keyboards.
Acoustics and Harmonic Overtones:
The lowest and highest notes on a standard 88-key piano are tuned very close to certain frequency ratios that produce pleasing harmonic overtones. These ratios are rooted in the principles of acoustics and music theory.
Composers' Demands:
As composers like Beethoven, Liszt, Chopin, and others pushed the boundaries of musical composition, they often demanded instruments that could produce a wider range of notes and dynamics. Piano manufacturers gradually responded to these demands by expanding the keyboard range.
Technical and Manufacturing Factors:
The development of stronger construction materials and improved engineering allowed piano makers to build instruments that could withstand the tension of 88 strings without compromising structural integrity.
Piano Music and Repertoire:
Many iconic piano compositions, including concertos, sonatas, and other works by renowned composers, were written with the 88-key range in mind. These works established a standard in piano literature and influenced the design of future pianos.
Over time, the 88-key piano became widely accepted as the standard for both performance and composition, making it a mainstay in classical music and a versatile instrument for various genres.