1. Alliteration: The repetition of the same initial consonant sound in a series of words.
Example: "And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain."
2. Assonance: The repetition of the same vowel sound in a series of words.
Example: "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary."
3. Consonance: The repetition of the same consonant sound in a series of words, not necessarily at the beginning.
Example: "So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating."
4. Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as".
Example: "And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor."
5. Personification: Giving human qualities to an animal, object, or idea.
Example: "But the Raven still beguiling my sad fancy into smiling."
6. Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as".
Example: "And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting, on the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door."
7. Symbolism: The use of an object or action to represent something else.
Example: The raven can be seen as a symbol of death, loss, or even the speaker's own conscience.