2. Power and control: Turandot is a powerful and controlling figure who uses her riddles and death sentences to maintain her authority. The opera explores the theme of power and its consequences, and ultimately suggests that love is more powerful than power itself.
3. Pride and humility: Turandot is a proud and arrogant figure, but she is eventually humbled by Calaf's love. The opera explores the theme of pride and its consequences, and suggests that true love is based on humility and respect.
4. Redemption: The opera ends with Turandot's redemption, as she is finally able to love and be loved. The opera suggests that even the most hardened hearts can be softened by the power of love.
5. The conflict between East and West: Turandot is set in China, and the opera explores the conflict between Eastern and Western cultures. The opera suggests that these two cultures can learn from each other and ultimately come together in harmony.