1. My Goodness: "Mona mia!" can be used as an expression of surprise, astonishment, or shock, similar to the English exclamation "Oh my goodness!" or "Oh my!".
2. Oh, Dear!: It can also convey a sense of dismay, disappointment, or sympathy, akin to the English phrase "Oh, dear!".
3. My Dear: In certain contexts, it can be used as an affectionate term to address someone fondly, such as a loved one or a close friend.
4. Exclamation of Delight: Depending on the tone and setting, "mona mia" can also be uttered to express delight, approval, or excitement, similar to the English exclamation "Wow!".
5. Regional Variations: The meaning of "mona mia" may vary in different Italian dialects or regions. For example, in some parts of Southern Italy, it might have a stronger sense of affection or endearment.
It's worth noting that the literal translation of "mona mia" is "my nun" or "my little sister," but the term has evolved to take on a broader range of meanings when used in spoken Italian.