* "The Castle of Otranto" (1764) by Horace Walpole: This novel is widely considered the foundational text of gothic literature, introducing many elements that would become staples of the genre, such as:
* A gloomy, atmospheric setting (a medieval castle)
* Supernatural events and mysterious occurrences
* A melodramatic plot with suspense and intrigue
* Strong emphasis on emotion and the macabre
While Walpole's work is often called the first gothic novel, it's important to note that the genre emerged from a broader literary and cultural context, including:
* Ancient Greek and Roman literature: Works like "The Odyssey" and "The Aeneid" featured supernatural elements, dark themes, and exploration of the human condition.
* Medieval romances: Stories like "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" and "The Canterbury Tales" explored themes of chivalry, fate, and the supernatural.
* Renaissance and Enlightenment literature: Works like Shakespeare's tragedies and John Milton's "Paradise Lost" dealt with themes of human nature, morality, and the power of fate.
Therefore, while "The Castle of Otranto" is often considered the first gothic novel, it's important to recognize that the genre evolved from a rich literary tradition.