1. Mistaken Identity: Hamlet is hiding behind a tapestry when he hears Polonius speaking with his mother, Gertrude. Hamlet believes Polonius is Claudius, his uncle and stepfather, who he suspects of murdering his father. In a fit of rage, Hamlet thrusts his sword through the tapestry, killing Polonius.
2. Revenge and Anger: Hamlet is deeply consumed by a desire for revenge against Claudius, who he believes stole the throne and his father's life. His actions, driven by anger and grief, are clouded by paranoia and a warped sense of justice.
3. Mental Instability: Hamlet's state of mind is already fragile, marked by grief and uncertainty. He struggles to discern reality from illusion, making him vulnerable to rash actions and misjudgments.
4. The "Mousetrap" Play: Hamlet's staging of the play, "The Mousetrap," which depicts a king being poisoned, was intended to expose Claudius' guilt. Polonius' presence during the play leads Hamlet to suspect his involvement in the plot, further fueling his anger.
5. Dramatic Irony: The audience knows that Polonius is not Claudius, adding a layer of tragedy to the scene. It highlights the tragic consequences of Hamlet's actions, fueled by grief and misjudgment.
It's important to note: The play explores the complexities of human nature, particularly the interplay of reason and passion. While Hamlet's actions appear impulsive and even cruel, they stem from a deep-seated need for justice and the weight of his emotional turmoil.