1. Professionalization of Police Forces:
- Police departments underwent significant reforms to improve professionalism and efficiency.
- The creation of centralized, salaried police forces replaced the old system of volunteer watchmen.
- Police officers began receiving formal training, leading to better investigative techniques and record-keeping systems.
2. Urban Planning and Sanitation:
- To address the unsanitary living conditions in slums, cities undertook urban planning initiatives.
- Tenement housing regulations were introduced to improve ventilation, lighting, and overcrowding.
- Improved sanitation systems, such as sewage infrastructure, helped reduce the spread of diseases.
3. Social Welfare Programs:
- Governments and charitable organizations developed social welfare programs to address poverty and prevent crime.
- Orphanages, shelters, and soup kitchens were established to provide basic necessities to impoverished individuals and families.
4. Prison Reforms:
- Conditions in prisons were reformed to focus on rehabilitation rather than solely punishment.
- The introduction of parole systems allowed for earlier release for reformed prisoners.
- Separate facilities for juvenile offenders were established to address their specific needs.
5. Criminal Justice Reforms:
- Legal reforms eliminated debtor's prisons, where people were imprisoned for owing debts.
- Juvenile courts were established to handle cases involving young offenders with the aim of rehabilitation.
- Alternative sentencing options, such as probation, were introduced as alternatives to prison for non-violent crimes.
6. Advocacy for Social Justice:
- The late 19th century saw the rise of social movements and individuals advocating for social justice and workers' rights.
- Organizations like the Salvation Army and the Settlement House Movement actively worked to improve the lives of the poor and marginalized.
7. Scientific Advancements in Forensics:
- Developments in scientific fields like photography and ballistics aided in crime investigation and identification.
- Fingerprinting techniques were introduced, revolutionizing the field of forensic science.
By implementing these various measures, societies in the late 19th century aimed to reduce crime rates, improve social welfare, and create a more just and equitable society.