Key difficulties that contributed to the calling of the Annapolis Convention in September 1786 include:
1. Trade and Commerce: The Articles of Confederation did not provide adequate mechanisms for regulating interstate and foreign trade. States faced challenges in coordinating tariffs, duties, and regulations, leading to conflicts and economic inefficiencies.
2. Navigation Rights: The Potomac River, which served as a vital transportation route for several states, was under the jurisdiction of both Virginia and Maryland. Disagreements over navigation rights and commercial access led to tensions between these states.
3. Western Land Claims: Several states had competing territorial claims to lands in the western frontier, particularly the Ohio River Valley. Disputes over these land claims created uncertainties and tensions among states.
4. Financial Weaknesses: The Articles of Confederation did not empower the federal government to effectively raise revenue or regulate currency. This led to financial instability, with states issuing their own currencies, resulting in confusion and distrust.
5. Lack of Central Authority: The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government with limited powers. States had significant autonomy, which often hindered coordination and problem-solving on critical issues.
To address these challenges and find solutions, the Annapolis Convention was convened with delegates from five states (Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York) coming together to discuss potential amendments or revisions to the Articles of Confederation. The convention's recommendations paved the way for the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which ultimately led to the creation of a stronger federal government under the U.S. Constitution.