- Microphones: Microphones convert sound waves into electrical signals, which can then be amplified, recorded, or processed. Microphones are commonly used for recording speech, music, and other sounds, and come in a variety of types with different characteristics.
- Speakers: Speakers convert electrical signals back into sound waves, and are used to reproduce sound from sources such as microphones, music players, and computers. Speakers come in a variety of sizes and configurations, and can be used for a wide range of applications from home audio to public address systems.
- Musical instruments: Musical instruments produce sound through various means, such as the vibration of strings, the blowing of air through a reed, or the striking of a percussion instrument. Musical instruments are commonly used for creating music, and come in a wide variety of types with different timbres and ranges.
- Synthesizers: Synthesizers are electronic instruments that can generate a wide variety of sounds through the use of oscillators, filters, and other electronic components. Synthesizers are often used for creating electronic music, and come in a variety of forms from hardware synthesizers to software plugins.
- Field recordings: Field recordings are recordings of sounds captured in the natural environment, often using portable recording devices. Field recordings can be used for a variety of purposes, such as creating sound effects, composing music, or documenting natural soundscapes.
- Virtual instruments: Virtual instruments are software plugins that simulate the sounds of real instruments, and are often used in digital audio production. Virtual instruments come in a wide variety of types, from pianos and guitars to drums and synthesizers.