- Aulos: A double-reeded wind instrument similar to the modern oboe.
- Lyre: A stringed instrument with a wooden frame and seven or more strings.
- Kithara: A larger version of the lyre, often used in classical music.
- Pan pipes: A set of pipes of different lengths, each producing a different note.
- Trumpet: A brass instrument similar to the modern trumpet.
- Drum: Various types of drums were used, including the tympanum, a large frame drum, and the sistrum, a rattle.
Ancient Rome
- Tibia: A Roman version of the aulos.
- Cithara: A Roman version of the kithara.
- Cornu: A Roman version of the trumpet, often used in military music.
- Hydraulis: A water organ, which used water pressure to produce sound.
Byzantine Empire
- Organ: The organ became increasingly popular in the Byzantine Empire, and was used in both religious and secular music.
- Psaltery: A stringed instrument similar to the zither.
- Tamboura: A long-necked stringed instrument, often used in folk music.
- Lyra: A Byzantine version of the lyre, often used in classical music.