Meter. The regular pattern of beats in music, often expressed in terms of time signatures.
Harmony. The simultaneous combination of different pitches, producing chords and other harmonic structures.
Melody. A succession of pitches that form a musical phrase or line.
Timbre. The unique sound quality of a musical instrument or voice, determined by its overtone structure.
Dynamics. The variation in volume and intensity of sound.
Texture. The overall sound of a piece of music, resulting from the combination of melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre, and dynamics.
Form. The overall structure of a piece of music, including the arrangement of sections such as introduction, verse, chorus, and bridge.