1. Strings: The primary sound-producing component of a piano is a set of strings, each with a different length, tension, and thickness. When a key is pressed, a corresponding hammer strikes the string, causing it to vibrate. The strings are stretched over a metal frame called a soundboard, which amplifies and projects the sound.
2. Dampers: Each string has a damper that rests on it when the key is not pressed. When a key is pressed, the damper is lifted, allowing the string to vibrate freely. As soon as the key is released, the damper falls back onto the string, stopping its vibration. This mechanism controls the duration of each note.
3. Action: The action of a piano refers to the mechanical system that transmits the motion of the keys to the hammers. When a key is pressed, a lever mechanism connects to a hammer and causes it to swing and strike the appropriate string. The action is designed to provide precise control over the timing, velocity, and force of the hammer strikes, which affects the tone and dynamics of the sound.
4. Soundboard: The soundboard is a large, thin wooden panel located beneath the strings. When the strings vibrate, they set the soundboard into sympathetic vibrations. The soundboard acts as an acoustic amplifier, radiating and projecting the sound waves into the surrounding space. The size, shape, and material of the soundboard significantly influence the overall tone and quality of the piano.
5. Pedals: Pianos typically have two or three pedals that modify the sound in various ways. The most commonly used pedal is the sustain pedal, which lifts all the dampers simultaneously. This allows the strings to vibrate freely, even after the keys are released, creating a sustaining effect. The other pedals, such as the soft pedal (una corda) and sostenuto pedal, have specific functions that alter the timbre, volume, or sustain of the notes.
6. Cabinet and Lid: The piano's cabinet and lid play an important role in shaping the sound. The cabinet acts as a resonator, enhancing and adding warmth to the sound produced by the strings. The lid can be adjusted to different positions, influencing the projection and directionality of the sound.
By combining all these elements and mechanisms, pianos produce a wide range of sounds with varying tones, dynamics, and timbres. The sound of a piano is highly nuanced and can be influenced by factors such as the design and materials of the instrument, the skill and technique of the performer, and the acoustic environment in which it is played.