1. Vibrato: This is a technique where the performer varies the pitch slightly above and below the nominal pitch, creating a pulsating or shimmering effect in the sound.
2. Articulation: This refers to how the performer starts and stops notes. Different articulation techniques can create a variety of effects, such as tonguing (using the tongue to articulate notes), staccato (short, detached notes), and legato (smooth, connected notes).
3. Dynamics: This refers to the volume or loudness of the sound. A performer can vary the dynamics to create contrast and shape the musical phrase.
4. Embouchure: This refers to the way the performer positions their lips and facial muscles to produce sound on the flute. Subtle adjustments to the embouchure can change the tone and timbre of the flute.
5. Breathing: The way a performer breathes can also affect the sound of the flute. Deep and controlled breathing can help to produce a consistent and resonant sound.
6. Ornamentation: This refers to adding decorative notes or embellishments to the melody. Ornaments can add interest and variation to the flute's sound.
7. Extended techniques: These include unconventional or experimental playing techniques that extend the flute's traditional capabilities, such as flutter-tonguing, multiphonics, and glissandi.
By combining these expressive techniques, a flute performer can create a wide range of musical effects and colors, enriching their musical performances.