1) Use of the drone: in both Indian and Middle Eastern music, a continuous drone is often used as the foundation of the music. The drone provides a steady, unchanging pitch against which the other instruments can play.
2) Melismatic singing: both Indian and Middle Eastern vocal music often features melisma, which is the rapid and elaborate ornamentation of a single pitch. Melisma adds an improvisational element to the music and allows singers to express their virtuosity.
3) Improvisation: improvisation is a central part of both Indian and Middle Eastern classical music. Musicians in both cultures are encouraged to improvise on traditional melodies and rhythms, creating new and unique interpretations of the music.
4) Instruments: Many of the instruments used in Indian and Middle Eastern classical music are similar in construction and sound. For example, the sitar and the tamboura are both stringed instruments that are played with a plectrum, while the tabla and the darbuka are both percussion instruments that are used to keep rhythm.
5) Rhythmic complexity: both Indian and Middle Eastern classical music often feature complex rhythmic patterns that are played by a variety of instruments. These rhythms create a sense of excitement and energy in the music.
6) Use of vocal techniques: in both Indian and Middle Eastern classical music, singers often use special vocal techniques to create unique sounds. These techniques include vibrato, tremolo, and falsetto.
7) Cultural significance: classical music holds a significant position in the culture of both India and the Middle East. It is often performed at religious ceremonies and festivals, and is an important part of the cultural identity of both regions.