1. Melodic Form: Arabic music is based on a system of melodic modes called maqamat. These are sets of notes and intervals that create distinctive melodic structures.
2. Improvisation: Improvisation is a fundamental aspect of Arabic music. Musicians often improvise melodies, rhythms, and ornaments within the framework of a given maqam.
3. Rhythm: Arabic music employs complex rhythmic patterns known as iqa'at (plural of iqa). Each of these patterns has a unique name, structure, and emotional character.
4. Instrumentation: Arabic music uses a variety of traditional instruments, such as the oud (a lute-like instrument), qanun (a trapezoidal zither), nay (a reed flute), and darbuka (a goblet-shaped drum). Western instruments like the violin and piano have also been incorporated into some genres of Arabic music.
5. Vocal Styles: Arabic singing features distinctive vocal techniques such as tahrir (glissandi), melisma (singing multiple notes on one syllable), and tarab (a state of emotional connection and ecstasy during a performance).
6. Cultural Influences: Arabic music has been influenced by various cultures over time. Andalusian music, Persian music, Turkish music, and African musical traditions have all contributed to shaping its rich musical heritage.
These characteristics collectively define the unique sound and aesthetic of Arabic music, which holds a significant place in the cultural heritage and identity of the Arab world.