- Compositional complexity: Ellington was a master of composition and arranging, and his music was often characterized by its sophisticated harmonies and complex structures. He was one of the first jazz artists to write extended works, such as suites and concertos, and his music often incorporated elements of classical music and other genres.
- Instrumentation: Ellington's band, the Duke Ellington Orchestra, was one of the most prominent and influential big bands in jazz history. The orchestra's instrumentation was unique, featuring a wide variety of instruments, including trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, and a rhythm section. Ellington's use of instrumentation was innovative and helped to create the distinctive sound of his music.
- Timbre and tone color: Ellington's music was also characterized by its unique timbre and tone color. He experimented with different sounds and textures, and he often used unusual combinations of instruments. Ellington's music was also known for its use of mutes, which he used to create a variety of effects.
- African American identity: Ellington was one of the first African American jazz artists to achieve international fame and recognition. He was a significant figure in the development of jazz as an art form, and he helped to break down racial barriers in the music industry. Ellington's music often explored African American themes and culture, and he was an important figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
- Influence on other musicians: Ellington's music had a profound influence on other jazz musicians, as well as on musicians from other genres. He was a mentor to many young musicians, and he helped to shape the development of jazz in the 20th century. Ellington's music continues to be studied and performed by musicians around the world.
Overall, Duke Ellington was a unique and innovative jazz artist who made a significant impact on the development of jazz and American music in general. His distinctive style and compositional prowess set him apart from many of his contemporaries, and he continues to be revered as one of the most important figures in jazz history.