Navigation:
* Compass: Essential for determining direction, the compass was a vital tool.
* Astrolabe: Used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon.
* Sextant: A more advanced tool for measuring angles, allowing for more accurate latitude determination.
* Log line: A knotted rope thrown overboard to measure the ship's speed by timing how long it took to run out.
* Dead reckoning: A method of estimating position based on course, speed, and elapsed time.
Shipbuilding:
* Caravel: Hudson sailed on a caravel, a type of ship with a relatively shallow draft, making it suitable for exploring coastal waters.
* Sails: Square sails for downwind sailing and lateen sails for upwind sailing provided the primary propulsion.
* Rudder: The rudder allowed the ship to be steered.
Other technologies:
* Charts: Hudson would have used existing charts and maps, though these were often inaccurate.
* Tools: Basic tools like axes, saws, and ropes were necessary for ship maintenance and exploration.
* Firearms: Hudson likely carried firearms for defense and hunting.
It's important to note:
* While Hudson's journeys were considered pioneering, the technologies he used were not particularly advanced.
* Navigating without modern instruments like GPS was incredibly challenging and dangerous.
While the technology of Hudson's era may seem primitive compared to today, it was still capable of achieving remarkable feats of exploration.