1. Mulberry (Μορέα): Used for its astringent properties to stop bleeding and treat wounds.
2. Wild Garlic (Σκόροδον): Known for its antibacterial and antiseptic properties, it was applied to wounds and used as an expectorant for respiratory issues.
3. Poppy (Μήκων): The milky sap from poppy seeds was used as a pain reliever and sleep inducer.
4. Henbane (Υοσκύαμος): This plant has hallucinogenic properties and was occasionally used as an anesthetic during surgical procedures.
5. Woundwort (Δικταμνον): Believed to have wound-healing properties, it was applied directly to wounds.
6. Mandragora (Μανδραγόρας): The root of this plant was used as a sedative and pain reliever.
7. Centaury (Κενταύριον): Used to treat various ailments, including stomach problems and wounds.
8. Chamomile (Άνθεμις): Known for its anti-inflammatory properties and was used to soothe irritated skin and eyes.
In addition to herbal remedies, Homer also mentions the use of potions made from animal parts and magical incantations. One notable example is the use of Nepenthe, a drug that brings forgetfulness and relief from pain.
Surgical practices were also integral to ancient Greek medicine, as described in The Iliad. Surgeons used tools like scalpels, sutures, and probes to treat injuries on the battlefield. Amputation was sometimes necessary for severe wounds, and cauterization was used to stop bleeding.
It's important to note that while ancient Greek medicine contributed significantly to the development of Western medicine, many of these practices were based on empirical observations rather than scientific understanding. As medical knowledge advanced over time, some of the remedies and practices mentioned in The Iliad would eventually be replaced by more effective and scientifically based treatments.