There are a number of different theories of punishment, each of which has its own implications for the penal system. Some theories focus on deterrence, while others focus on rehabilitation or incapacitation. The type of theory that is adopted by a particular society will have a significant impact on the design and operation of its penal system.
The penal system can also have a significant impact on crime. For example, a penal system that is too harsh may actually lead to more crime, as it can create an environment of violence and despair. On the other hand, a penal system that is too lenient may not be effective in deterring crime.
Penology is a complex field of study, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to crime prevention. However, by understanding the relationship between penology and crime, societies can make more informed decisions about how to design and operate their penal systems.