* Close reading: This involves reading the text carefully and paying attention to all of the details, including the language, imagery, and structure.
* Formalism: This approach focuses on the text itself, without taking into account the author's intention or the historical context.
* Historical: This approach considers the text in the context of the time and place in which it was written.
* Biographical: This approach focuses on the author's life and how it may have influenced the text.
* Psychoanalytic: This approach uses Freudian or Jungian psychology to analyze the text.
* Marxist: This approach uses Marxist theory to analyze the text, focusing on the relationship between class, power, and ideology.
* Feminist: This approach uses feminist theory to analyze the text, focusing on gender roles, gender power dynamics, and the representation of women.
* Queer: This approach uses queer theory to analyze the text, focusing on non-heteronormative sexualities and gender identities.
* Postcolonial: This approach uses postcolonial theory to analyze the text, focusing on the effects of colonialism and imperialism on culture and literature.
These are just a few of the many ways to observe literature. The best approach depends on the individual text and the researcher's interests.