Consider the distinct periods of history that are covered in "Holes" and how these time periods influence each other. Within each period covered, there are also instances of randomly occurring events that are highly improbable. Fate is what links the three time periods, especially as they are framed within the story arc of the novel. The theme of fate is also seen within each time period, and the interdependence of fate and history throughout the novel is one of the most compelling aspects of the work. Choose a particular instance of fate that recurs throughout the novel and expand on its significance to the story's development.
Sachar paints a picture of a reform institution in which the kids are forced into labor to teach them a good work ethic. Analyze the intentions of the warden, and compare and contrast his intentions with the underlying motives of the kids as they form friendships while serving their time. Are the motives of the warden altruistic or self-serving? Compare the way you perceive his actions with the friendships of the children. Are the friendships truly altruistic in nature? Consider the benefits the characters may receive from doing good deeds, and consider the role of good and evil in their motivations.
Names and the importance of labels are central themes of "Holes." Think about the example of Katherine and the two different names she chooses to go by at different points in the novel. Think about the latent meanings of these seemingly arbitrary labels, and consider the social connotations of these self-applied names. Within the discussion of labels, it is important to also discuss how the boys in the juvenile detention center take on names that give them a different image than the one they imagine they have in their home lives. Explore how they use labels to run from a past that haunts them.
Think about the symbolism Sachar uses throughout the novel. Consider any instances of items that may have healing properties, and also consider the symbolic role of the spotted lizards. Certain items, such as the onions, have deeper meanings to the central theme of "Holes" and relate to the symbolism of the lizards. The pure vs. toxic symbolism also relates back to the good vs. evil themes, and can be tied together for an even more thorough examination of the novel.