However, it's important to understand that these cultures were not isolated. They interacted with each other, influencing and borrowing from one another over centuries.
Some of the major cultures that contributed to the overall development of Mesoamerica include:
* Olmec: Considered the "mother culture" of Mesoamerica, the Olmec flourished from around 1600 to 400 BCE. They established the foundations for many cultural elements that were later adopted by other Mesoamerican civilizations, including:
* Writing: While not fully developed, the Olmec used a system of glyphs and symbols.
* Complex calendar: They developed a sophisticated understanding of the calendar and celestial cycles.
* Monumental architecture: They constructed large stone heads and other impressive structures.
* Ball game: The ritual ball game, a central part of Mesoamerican culture, originated with the Olmec.
* Maya: One of the most well-known Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya rose to prominence between 250 and 900 CE. They were known for their:
* Advanced writing system: Developed hieroglyphic writing.
* Sophisticated mathematics: Used a system of numeration, including the concept of zero.
* Astronomy: Made significant observations of the stars and planets.
* Artistic achievements: Created elaborate sculptures, murals, and pottery.
* Teotihuacan: This city-state, located near present-day Mexico City, flourished from around 100 to 650 CE. They were known for their:
* Urban planning: Created a large and well-organized city with monumental architecture.
* Pyramid building: Constructed the iconic Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon.
* Trade and influence: Established trade networks throughout Mesoamerica and influenced other cultures.
* Aztec: The Aztec Empire, also known as the Mexica, emerged in the 14th century CE and dominated much of Mesoamerica. They were known for their:
* Military power: Established a vast empire through conquest.
* Complex social and religious systems: Had a highly organized society with a strong religious tradition.
* Artistic and architectural achievements: Created impressive temples, palaces, and sculptures.
Instead of focusing on a single base culture, it's more accurate to view Mesoamerica as a rich tapestry woven from the contributions of many different cultures, each playing a crucial role in the development of the region.