Forensic artists may specialize in one of four general areas within the field or work in all specialties. Artists who work with composite imagery create sketches based on eyewitness descriptions of a suspect's face and body. Some artists may draw composite sketches by hand, while other use computer software to create the images. Forensic artists may also work in image modification, which involves the alteration of existing images for identification purposes. This may include creating age-progression images for children who are missing, or altering suspects' pictures to include different facial hair, hairstyles or other disguises. Forensic artists who specialize in demonstrative evidence create visual images that are used for presentation in court cases. Reconstruction and postmortem identification images are used to identify human remains that have been badly decomposed. Forensic artists are able to use computer software to create three-dimensional images based on a skull. In some cases, they may use clay to create models.
While there are no official education requirements, many law enforcement agencies prefer to hire forensic artists who have a bachelor's degree. There are no formal forensic art programs at colleges or universities in the United States, but many forensic artists major in art or a related field. Others study psychology or criminal justice, but have a background in art as well.
Most forensic artists receive the bulk of their training through short, intensive courses or workshops after college. The Federal Bureau of Investigation offers a forensic facial imaging course in which many law enforcement agencies enroll prospective forensic artists. Some community colleges and private schools offer similar courses. Students work with experienced forensic artists on a one-on-one basis and receive training in various forensic art topics, including facial anatomy and structure; drawing different racial groups; improving drawing accuracy and speed; facial aging techniques; and pencil-shading techniques. In addition, forensic artists learn active listening techniques to help them better interpret witness descriptions and fundamentals of memory process, which allow them to draw more information from witnesses. Forensic art training courses usually offer instruction in proper interview techniques, including how to interview traumatized individuals and children; how to detect deception or false claims; and proper courtroom conduct when called to testify.
In order to find employment, many forensic artists choose to complete their training by receiving national certification in the field. The Forensic Art Certification Board, a branch of the International Association for Identification (IAI), offers voluntary certification for forensic artists. To become certified, artists must have at least a 120 hours of training in the field of composite art and 120 hours in facial reconstruction. Candidates must also complete 80 hours of training in age enhancement. All training must occur in programs approved by the IAI. In addition, forensic artists must have two years of professional experience in the field of forensic art and complete a written certification exam.
Forensic artists who have been properly trained may work at law enforcement agencies on the local, state and federal levels. Many of the positions are part time, so forensic artists may work for multiple agencies. There may also be opportunities available with airport security and as instructors in forensic art training courses.