1. Urban Planning: The Indus Valley cities were meticulously designed with well-planned drainage systems. Streets were laid out in a grid pattern, ensuring proper water management.
2. Covered Drains: The civilization used covered drains made of burnt bricks to channel wastewater from houses and streets. These drains were covered with stone slabs or bricks, preventing foul odors and maintaining sanitation.
[Image: A photograph showing the remains of covered drains made of burnt bricks in Mohenjo-daro, one of the major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.]
3. Underground Drainage System: The Indus Valley people constructed an extensive underground drainage system that carried wastewater from residences and public areas to designated discharge points. These drains were designed with precise gradients to ensure efficient water flow.
[Image: A diagram illustrating the underground drainage system of the Indus Valley Civilization. It shows the network of underground drains, discharge points, and their connection to the main drainage system.]
4. Inspection Chambers: The drainage system incorporated inspection chambers at regular intervals, allowing for easy maintenance and access for cleaning. These chambers facilitated the removal of debris and silt, preventing blockages and ensuring proper drainage.
[Image: A photograph showing an inspection chamber in the drainage system of Mohenjo-daro. It demonstrates the thoughtful design and attention to detail in the water management system of the Indus Valley Civilization.]
5. Water Reservoirs: The civilization constructed water reservoirs to store rainwater and floodwater for times of scarcity. These reservoirs were strategically placed throughout the cities and played a crucial role in water management and conservation.
[Image: A photograph of the Great Bath in Mohenjo-daro, believed to be a large water reservoir used for bathing and ritual purposes. It reflects the advanced water management techniques of the Indus Valley people.]
6. Flood Control: The drainage system was also designed to manage seasonal flooding. Protective embankments and dams were built along the riverbanks to minimize the impact of floods on settlements and agricultural areas.
The drainage system of the Indus Valley Civilization showcased remarkable ingenuity, meticulous planning, and an advanced understanding of water management principles. It contributed significantly to the overall sanitation, public health, and prosperity of the civilization.