* The ancient Ghana Empire (c. 300-1240 AD): This empire predated the Mali Empire, and its major cities were:
* Kumbi Saleh: The capital of the Ghana Empire, renowned for its wealth and trade.
* Awdaghost: Another important trading center, known for its salt mines.
* Walata: A major trading hub for gold and salt.
* Taghaza: Known for its large salt deposits.
* The Mali Empire (c. 1230-1600 AD): This empire built upon the foundations of the Ghana Empire, and its most important cities were:
* Niani: The capital of the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa.
* Jenne-jeno: One of the oldest and most important trading centers in West Africa, known for its mud brick architecture.
* Timbuktu: A major center for Islamic learning and trade, known for its libraries and mosques.
* Gao: The capital of the Songhai Empire that succeeded the Mali Empire, and also an important trading center.
* Djenné: A major trading center, known for its mosques and its role in the trans-Saharan trade.
It's important to clarify which period of "ancient Mali" you're interested in to get a more precise answer.