Who was beheaded by Elizabeth I?

While Elizabeth I reigned for 44 years, she was known for her ruthlessness in dealing with perceived threats to her throne. However, she did not personally behead anyone.

Here are some notable executions during her reign, all carried out by the state:

* Mary, Queen of Scots (1587): Mary was Elizabeth's cousin and a Catholic claimant to the English throne. She was found guilty of treason and beheaded for her alleged involvement in plots against Elizabeth.

* The Earl of Essex (1601): A favorite of Elizabeth's, he was executed for treason after leading a rebellion against the queen.

These are just two examples, and many others faced execution for various crimes during Elizabeth's reign. While Elizabeth authorized these executions, she didn't personally carry them out.