1. Aria: A solo piece performed by a single singer, usually expressing emotions or thoughts of a character.
2. Recitative: A form of musical dialogue between singers and instruments. It advances the plot, provides context, and allows characters to communicate rapidly.
3. Duet: A musical piece sung by two singers simultaneously, often involving dialogue or interactions between characters.
4. Trio: A musical piece performed by three singers, typically involving a conversation or interaction among three characters.
5. Quartet: A piece sung by four singers, representing a conversation or interaction between four characters.
6. Chorus: A group of singers performing together, often providing commentary, background, or representing crowds.
7. Ensemble: A piece involving multiple singers, usually a combination of soloists, duets, trios, quartets, and chorus. Ensembles can be complex and involve various combinations of characters.
8. Overture: An orchestral piece played before the opening of the opera, establishing the mood, tone, and main musical themes of the opera.
9. Intermezzo: A short orchestral piece played between acts or scenes of an opera, often bridging musical sections or representing a change in setting or mood.
10. Finale: The concluding section of an opera, usually involving all or most of the main characters and often characterized by a powerful and dramatic musical climax.