1. Parallelism: This is the repetition of a grammatical structure or pattern. For example:
- "Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more"
2. Antithesis: This is the contrasting of two opposing ideas or phrases. For example:
- "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him."
3. Irony: This is the use of words or situations to create a contrast between what is expected and what actually happens. For example:
- Brutus justifies his actions by saying, "I slew him for his country, not for mine." This suggests that Brutus acted in the best interests of Rome, but the scene shows that he is motivated by personal ambition.
4. Pathos: This is the use of emotional language to appeal to the audience's feelings. For example:
- Brutus's speech uses vivid imagery, such as "his mantle was soaked with blood" to evoke sympathy for Caesar.
5. Ethos: This is the use of credible, trustworthy information to support an argument. For example:
- Brutus cites the example of Cassius, who was a respected senator, as evidence that he is not acting out of personal ambition.
6. Alliteration: This is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound in a series of words. For example:
- "The choice of words that will be made by them to be used by us"
These rhetorical devices are used effectively in Julius Caesar to create tension, suspense, and emotional impact.