Here is a detailed account of how the US national anthem was written:
1. The Battle of Baltimore:
In September 1814, the British launched an attack on Baltimore as part of their larger strategy to invade Washington, D.C. The city was defended by Fort McHenry, a powerful fortification guarding the entrance to the harbor.
2. Francis Scott Key's Involvement:
Francis Scott Key, a distinguished lawyer, and amateur poet, was on a mission to negotiate the release of a friend, Dr. William Beanes, who had been captured by the British. He was allowed to board a British warship, where he witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry from a close range.
3. The Starry Flag:
During the night, Key anxiously observed the American flag still waving above the fort despite the intense bombardment. The sight of the flag inspired him, and he wrote a poem to capture his feelings.
4. "Defence of Fort McHenry":
Key titled his poem "Defence of Fort McHenry" and began to write it on the back of an envelope. He poured out his emotions, describing the relentless bombardment, the anxiety, and the ultimate triumph as the American flag remained unvanquished.
5. Morning's Revelation:
The next morning, Key woke up to find that his poem had survived the night's events. As he looked out at the fort, he saw the American flag still fluttering victoriously.
6. Publication and Distribution:
Key completed his poem and initially titled it "When the Warrior Returns." He showed it to his brother-in-law, Judge Joseph Howard Nicholson, who suggested making it a song by setting it to music.
7. Adaptation to Music:
A local Baltimore musician, John Stafford Smith, who served as the organist of a nearby church, composed the music for Key's poem. The tune was based on a popular British song called "To Anacreon in Heaven."
8. Unofficial Popularity:
The song, now known as "The Star-Spangled Banner," quickly became popular among the troops and civilians alike. It was sung informally at patriotic gatherings and celebrations.
9. Official Adoption:
In 1931, Congress officially designated "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States. It has since been performed and sung at countless events, ceremonies, and sporting occasions, becoming a symbol of American patriotism and unity.
Over time, "The Star-Spangled Banner" has evolved into a beloved and iconic representation of the nation's history, spirit, and resilience. Its lyrics and melody continue to inspire and evoke a sense of pride and national identity in the hearts of Americans to this day.