- Conversational maxims: These are unwritten rules that guide how people interact in conversations. For example, the maxim of quantity states that people should say as much as is necessary, but no more, and the maxim of relevance states that people should only say things that are relevant to the conversation.
- Speech acts: These are the things people do with language, such as making requests, giving orders, or asking questions.
- Politeness rules: These are the ways people use language to be polite to each other, such as saying "please" and "thank you."
- Irony: This is when someone says something that means the opposite of what they intend.
- Sarcasm: This is a form of irony in which someone says something that is intended to be hurtful or insulting.
- Euphemisms: These are polite or indirect ways of referring to something that is unpleasant or taboo.
- Taboos: These are words or phrases that are considered unacceptable or offensive to say in certain contexts.
Pragmatic rules vary depending on the culture and context in which they are used. They are important for ensuring that communication is effective and respectful.