The Sumerians developed the first system of writing, known as cuneiform, which emerged in the 4th millennium BC. Cuneiform was a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets. It was initially based on proto writing such as tokens around the end of the 4th millennium BC. As the need arose for more efficiency in communication and record-keeping, the Sumerians began using their cuneiform script.
2. Development of advanced architecture and engineering
The Sumerians became well-known for their advanced architecture and engineering skills, including the construction of some of the world's earliest cities, temples, and irrigation systems. The Sumerians built some of the earliest cities in the world, including Ur, Uruk, and Nippur.
3. Creation of the world's first legal code
The Sumerians are credited with creating the world's first legal code, known as the Code of Ur-Nammu, dating back to around 2100 BC. This code established a system of laws to regulate society and ensure justice, including property rights, criminal punishments, and fair trade practices.
4. Contributions to mathematics and astronomy
The Sumerians made significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy, including the development of a sexagesimal (base 60) number system, which is still used today for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates. They also developed an early form of geometry and made observations of celestial bodies, creating some of the earliest star maps.