Lack of Sales Success: Willy has been struggling to make sales for a considerable amount of time, resulting in him receiving increasingly lower commissions and less territory to cover. His poor sales performance has him under pressure from both his employer and himself, leading to stress and anxiety.
Health Issues: Willy experiences several instances of physical and mental distress throughout the play. He suffers from headaches, chest pains, and memory lapses. These issues become more frequent and severe, affecting his ability to drive safely and his overall ability to function effectively as a salesman.
Frustration and Disillusionment: Willy feels trapped and disillusioned by the American dream he has pursued. He is frustrated with his life, career, and family relationships, leading to self-doubt and depression. His disillusionment causes him to withdraw from his work and isolate himself from his family.
Tension at Work: Willy's declining performance and deteriorating mental state have created a tense atmosphere at work. His boss, Howard Wagner, is increasingly critical and impatient with Willy, threatening to fire him if he doesn't improve his performance.
Confrontation with Biff: Willy is also facing difficulties in his relationship with his older son, Biff. Biff has returned home after failing to establish a successful career and is frustrated with his father's constant criticisms. Their strained relationship contributes to Willy's emotional turmoil and further adds to the tension within the family.
In summary, Willy's presence at home in Act 1 is a result of his declining sales performance, health problems, frustration, tension at work, and strained relationships, particularly with Biff. These factors collectively lead him to a point of crisis, which sets the stage for the development of the play's themes and conflicts.