1. Longwave (LW) Band: This band covers the lowest frequency range, typically from around 30 kHz to 300 kHz. Longwave radio waves are known for their long-distance propagation and are commonly used for transmitting AM (Amplitude Modulation) radio broadcasts, maritime communications, and navigation systems.
2. Mediumwave (MW) Band: The mediumwave band ranges from approximately 300 kHz to 1.6 MHz. It is commonly used for AM radio broadcasting, as it provides good coverage over large areas. Mediumwave signals can propagate over reasonable distances due to their relatively longer wavelengths.
3. Shortwave (SW) Band: The shortwave band covers a wide range of frequencies, from around 1.6 MHz to 30 MHz. Shortwave radio waves are capable of long-distance communication and can propagate over vast distances via ionospheric reflection. This band is used for international broadcasting, long-range communication, and some amateur radio applications.
4. Very High Frequency (VHF) Band: The VHF band ranges from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. VHF radio waves have relatively shorter wavelengths and are commonly used for FM (Frequency Modulation) radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, air traffic control, maritime communications, and various public safety applications.
5. Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Band: The UHF band extends from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. UHF radio waves have even shorter wavelengths compared to VHF. They are widely used for television broadcasting, mobile phone communications, wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), satellite communications, and various other wireless technologies.
6. Microwave Band: The microwave band covers frequencies from around 3 GHz to 300 GHz. Microwaves are characterized by short wavelengths and high frequencies. They are extensively utilized in various applications such as microwave communication systems, radar systems, microwave heating (as in microwave ovens), satellite communications, and wireless data transmission.
7. Millimeter Wave Band: This band encompasses frequencies ranging from 30 GHz to 300 GHz. Millimeter waves are used for high-speed wireless communication, point-to-point links, automotive radar systems, and future 5G mobile communication technologies.
Beyond these commonly used frequency ranges, radio waves can extend into the higher frequencies, known as the terahertz (THz) band and beyond, which are explored for scientific research and specialized applications.
It is important to note that the specific frequency allocations and usage of radio waves can vary by country and regulatory bodies. Governments and international organizations allocate and regulate the use of different frequency bands based on various factors such as communication needs, spectrum availability, interference mitigation, and technological advancements.