- Composition commissions: Composers may be commissioned by orchestras, ensembles, or individuals to write new pieces of music. The fee for a composition commission can vary, but typically it is based on the length and complexity of the piece and the reputation of the composer.
- Performance royalties: Composers earn royalties when their music is performed in public, either through live performances or through broadcasts and recordings. The amount of royalties earned depends on the type of performance, the number of people attending the performance, and the terms of the composer's contract.
- Recording royalties: Composers typically receive royalties from the sale of recordings of their music. The amount of royalties earned depends on the number of copies sold, the type of recording (e.g., CD, digital download, streaming), and the terms of the composer's contract.
- Licensing fees: Composers may also earn licensing fees when their music is used in films, television shows, commercials, video games, or other media. The fee for a licensing agreement depends on the nature of the use, the length and complexity of the piece, and the reputation of the composer.
- Teaching and conducting: Some composers also earn income by teaching music composition, conducting orchestras or ensembles, or giving lectures or workshops on music.
It's important to note that not all composers are able to earn a full-time living from their work, and many rely on additional income from other sources, such as teaching, performing, or music-related jobs.