1. Increased Orchestra Size:
- Mozart's orchestras: Mozart's orchestras were typically larger than those of his predecessors, with an average of 40-50 players.
- Haydn's orchestras: Haydn's orchestras also grew in size, particularly in his late symphonies, where he used a larger string section and expanded woodwind and brass sections.
2. Expanded Instrumentation:
- Mozart's orchestras: Mozart introduced several new instruments to the orchestra, including the basset horn, clarinet, English horn, and trombones.
- Haydn's orchestras: Haydn continued expanding the orchestra's palette by adding instruments like the piccolo, contrabassoon, and percussion such as timpani and bass drum.
3. Changes in String Sections:
- String dominance remained, but the size of the string section was adjusted to create a better balance with other instruments.
4. Woodwind and Brass Developments:
- Mozart: Mozart incorporated more woodwind instruments and used them in a more prominent and expressive manner, often with obbligato passages. He also favored the clarinet, which became increasingly popular during this time.
- Haydn: Haydn explored new roles for woodwinds and brass. He used them in soloistic and concertante passages, enhancing the richness and expressiveness of his orchestral writing.
5. Increased Dynamic Range:
- Mozart: Mozart expanded the dynamic range of the orchestra, exploiting greater contrasts between loud and soft passages. His use of crescendos and diminuendos created more dramatic and emotional effects.
- Haydn: Haydn's music also showcased a wider range of dynamics, which added depth and nuance to his compositions.
6. Clarification of Textures:
- Both Mozart and Haydn strived to achieve clear textures and balance within the orchestra. They carefully considered how different instruments would sound together and adjusted orchestration accordingly.
These changes in the orchestra during Mozart and Haydn's time set the stage for the further evolution of the orchestra in subsequent eras, leading to the expansive and diverse orchestras we know today.