1. Lutes: Lutes were stringed instruments that were played by plucking or strumming. They had a pear-shaped body and a long neck with frets. Lutes came in various sizes and were often used to accompany singers or in small ensembles.
2. Fiddles: Fiddles were bowed string instruments that were similar to modern-day violins. They had a smaller body and fewer strings than lutes and were often used for dance music and in larger ensembles.
3. Harps: Harps were stringed instruments with a triangular or trapezoidal-shaped frame and multiple strings. They were played by plucking the strings with the fingers. Harps were often used to accompany singers or in small ensembles.
4. Citoles: Citoles were stringed instruments that were similar to guitars but had a more rounded body. They were played with a plectrum or plucked with the fingers and were often used in popular music and dance.
5. Psalteries: Psalteries were stringed instruments that had a rectangular or trapezoidal-shaped body with multiple strings. They were played by plucking the strings with a plectrum or with the fingers and were often used in religious music and in small ensembles.
6. Pipes: Pipes were wind instruments that included flutes, recorders, and bagpipes. Flutes were simple cylindrical instruments with finger holes that were played by blowing air across the holes. Recorders were similar to flutes but had a different design and a more mellow sound. Bagpipes consisted of a goatskin bag that was inflated by blowing air into it, and the air was then channeled through pipes to produce sound.
7. Trumpets: Trumpets were brass instruments that were used for ceremonial purposes and in military music. They had a long, straight tube and a flared bell, and they were played by blowing air into a mouthpiece.
8. Shawm: Shawms were double-reed woodwind instruments that were similar to modern-day oboes. They had a conical bore and a double reed at the top, and they produced a loud, piercing sound. Shawms were often used in outdoor performances and in military music.
9. Krummhorn: Krummhorns were double-reed woodwind instruments that were similar to shawms but had a curved shape. They produced a softer sound than shawms and were often used in indoor performances and in small ensembles.
10. Percussion Instruments: Percussion instruments such as drums, tambourines, and rattles were used to provide rhythm in medieval music. Drums included frame drums, hand drums, and kettledrums, while tambourines had a circular frame with jingles or small metal disks attached to it. Rattles were made from various materials and were shaken to produce sound.
11. Organ: The organ was a keyboard instrument that was powered by air or water. It was used in churches and cathedrals for religious music and was also used in larger musical ensembles.
These instruments were often played in various combinations to create the rich tapestry of sounds that characterized medieval music.