1. Piano: The piano was one of the most important and prevalent instruments in the Victorian era. It gained immense popularity due to its versatility and ability to create rich, multi-layered sounds.
2. Violin: The violin remained a key instrument in Victorian musical culture. It was used extensively in both classical and folk music, as well as in popular music hall performances.
3. Harp: The harp was quite popular in the Victorian period, especially in aristocratic circles. With its romantic and ethereal tones, it was often associated with elegance and refinement.
4. Organ: The pipe organ experienced significant development during the Victorian era. Organs were widely used in churches, cathedrals, and concert halls, adding grandeur and depth to musical performances.
5. Harmonium: The harmonium, a keyboard instrument that produces sound by vibrating reeds rather than strings, gained prominence during the Victorian era. It was often used as an alternative to the pipe organ in smaller venues or homes.
6. Accordion: The accordion was a popular portable instrument that found its place in both folk music and popular music hall entertainment during the Victorian era.
7. Cello: The cello, along with the violin and viola, was a mainstay in classical music and chamber ensembles throughout the Victorian period.
8. Flute: The flute, both in its transverse (side-blown) and recorder forms, was a staple of Victorian instrumental ensembles.
9. Clarinet: The clarinet, a woodwind instrument, was widely used in military bands and other ensembles, contributing a distinct, smooth sound to Victorian musical performances.
10. Double Bass: The double bass was a key instrument in orchestral settings and jazz bands in the Victorian era, adding depth and resonance to the lower frequencies.
Victorian music was also influenced by instruments from cultures worldwide due to the British Empire's far-reaching reach. Instruments like the sitar, tabla, and gamelan were introduced and found their place in the eclectic Victorian musical landscape.