What element of music denotes its loudness or softness?

The element of music that denotes its loudness or softness is called dynamics. Dynamics refers to the variations in volume or intensity of a musical sound or passage. It includes changes in level from soft (piano) to loud (forte) and all gradations in between, such as mezzo-piano (moderately soft) and mezzo-forte (moderately loud). Dynamics add expression and depth to music, creating contrast and shaping the musical narrative. Different dynamic markings and symbols are used in musical notation to indicate these variations in intensity, ensuring musical interpretation and consistent execution by performers. Dynamics play a crucial role in conveying the mood, emotion, and intended effect of a composition or performance.