What does soli mean in music?

In music, the term "soli" refers to a section or passage where one or more instruments or voices play or sing alone, unaccompanied by other instruments or voices. It is used to highlight or showcase the individual qualities or expressiveness of the featured instruments or voices.

Soli is often used in classical music, especially in orchestral pieces, chamber music, and vocal works. It can be used for various purposes, such as introducing a melody or theme, creating contrast or emphasis, or providing a moment of respite or reflection in the overall musical texture.

In orchestral music, for instance, a "solo violin" or "solo flute" indicates a section where the respective instrument takes the lead melody or performs an elaborate passage while the rest of the orchestra provides accompaniment or background support. Similarly, in vocal music, a "solo soprano" or "solo tenor" may perform a prominent solo part in an opera, cantata, or other vocal composition.

The use of soli allows composers to create moments of musical focus, highlight the virtuosity or artistry of individual performers, and explore different instrumental or vocal timbres and textures within the larger musical context.