* Pentatonic scale: This scale consists of five notes, and is the most common scale used in African music.
* Hexatonic scale: This scale consists of six notes, and is also commonly used in African music.
* Heptatonic scale: This scale consists of seven notes, and is less commonly used in African music.
Rhythmic modes:
* Duple meter: This meter is characterized by two beats per measure.
* Triple meter: This meter is characterized by three beats per measure.
* Quadruple meter: This meter is characterized by four beats per measure.
Textual modes:
* Call and response: This is a common vocal technique in African music, in which one singer sings a line of text, and a chorus of singers responds with a complementary line.
* Antiphonal singing: This is a vocal technique in which two or more groups of singers sing alternating lines of text.
* Narrative singing: This is a vocal technique in which a singer tells a story through song.
Instrumental modes:
* Drums: Drums are the most important instruments in African music, and are used to provide rhythm, melody, and harmony.
* String instruments: String instruments such as the kora, mbira, and guitar are also commonly used in African music.
* Wind instruments: Wind instruments such as the flute, trumpet, and saxophone are also used in African music.
Dance modes:
* Social dances: These dances are performed by groups of people, and are often used for social occasions such as weddings, funerals, and festivals.
* Ritual dances: These dances are performed for religious or ceremonial purposes, and are often associated with specific rituals or traditions.
* Acrobatic dances: These dances are characterized by their athleticism and acrobatics, and are often performed by professional dancers.