- Alap: This is the initial and most intricate phase of improvisation in Indian classical music. Musicians start by presenting the key features of the raga, emphasizing specific notes, phrases, and melodic nuances to define its inherent mood and structure. The improvisation in alap gradually builds as individual notes expand into short melodic patterns embellished with "meends" (subtle slides between notes) and variations in tone color.
- Jod: As the alap progresses, it may transition into the "jod" phase. While still staying within the raga, the improvisation intensifies in tempo and complexity. Rhythmic patterns become more prominent, featuring sequences of fast note sequences ("taan") interspersed with pauses.
- Jhala: In the "jhala" section, there's a shift to predominant rhythmic play using both melody and percussion instruments. Musicians showcase their command over intricate rhythmic phrases or patterns called "bols," along with rapid fingering technique. The melodic line may take a somewhat repetitive form as the focus is on exploring rhythmic variations.
During improvised sections, the performer's skill, imagination, and profound understanding of the raga come to the fore. They have the latitude to delve into personal interpretations, exploring various shades and facets of the melodic form while adhering to the rules and aesthetics of the chosen raga. The ability to improvise well is highly valued in Indian classical music as it demonstrates a musician's mastery, spontaneity, and creativity.