* Harmony: The combination of multiple notes played together. Harmony can create a sense of meaning by providing support and context for the melody. For example, a rich, complex harmony might create a sense of fullness and grandeur, while a simple, sparse harmony might create a sense of intimacy or emptiness.
* Rhythm: The pattern of beats and accents in a piece of music. Rhythm can create a sense of meaning by propelling the music forward and creating a sense of tension and release. For example, a fast, driving rhythm might create a sense of excitement, while a slow, relaxed rhythm might create a sense of peace.
* Timbre: The unique sound quality of an instrument or voice. Timbre can create a sense of meaning by evoking specific associations. For example, the sound of a piano might create a sense of elegance, while the sound of a guitar might create a sense of warmth.
* Dynamics: The variation in volume and intensity in a piece of music. Dynamics can create a sense of meaning by emphasizing certain moments and creating a sense of drama. For example, a sudden increase in volume might create a sense of surprise, while a gradual decrease in volume might create a sense of suspense.