1. Clef Symbols:
- Treble Clef: Also known as the G clef, it indicates the position of the note G4 on the staff.
- Bass Clef: Also known as the F clef, it indicates the position of the note F3 on the staff.
- Alto Clef: Used for viola and higher-pitched instruments, it indicates the position of the note C4 on the staff.
- Tenor Clef: Used for bassoon, trombone, and other low-pitched instruments, it indicates the position of the note C4 on the staff.
2. Note Symbols:
- Whole Note: A filled-in oval note head that lasts for four beats.
- Half Note: A filled-in oval note head with a stem, lasting for two beats.
- Quarter Note: A filled-in oval note head with a stem and one flag, lasting for one beat.
- Eighth Note: A filled-in oval note head with a stem and two flags, lasting for half a beat.
- Sixteenth Note: A filled-in oval note head with a stem and four flags, lasting for a quarter of a beat.
3. Rest Symbols:
- Whole Rest: A rectangular symbol that indicates a full measure of silence.
- Half Rest: A rectangular symbol with a stem that indicates half a measure of silence.
- Quarter Rest: A rectangular symbol with a stem and one flag that indicates one quarter of a measure of silence.
- Eighth Rest: A rectangular symbol with a stem and two flags that indicates one eighth of a measure of silence.
4. Bar Lines:
- Single Bar Line: Indicates the end of a musical phrase or measure.
- Double Bar Line: Indicates the end of a musical section or movement.
- Final Bar Line: Indicates the end of a piece of music.
5. Accidentals:
- Sharp (#): Raises a note by one semitone.
- Flat (b): Lowers a note by one semitone.
- Natural (♮): Cancels a previous sharp or flat.
6. Tempo and Dynamics Markings:
- Allegro: Fast and lively.
- Adagio: Slow and stately.
- Forte (f): Loud.
- Piano (p): Soft.
- Crescendo (<): Gradually getting louder.
- Decrescendo (>): Gradually getting softer.
7. Articulation Markings:
- Staccato (∙): Play the note short and detached.
- Legato (~): Play the notes smoothly and connected.
- Accent (>): Emphasize the note.
- Fermata (▾): Hold the note longer than its written value.
8. Repeat Signs:
- First Ending (1): Indicates the first time through a repeated section.
- Second Ending (2): Indicates the second time through a repeated section.
- Coda: Usually located at the end of a piece, it indicates a short concluding section.
These are just a few of the many symbols used in music notation, and there are many more that you may encounter in different compositions.