A standard big band typically contains five saxophones comprising of one baritone, two tenor and two alto saxophones. The saxophone's versatile, almost vocal sound has maintained its place in big band and popular music alike since the 1800s. The saxophone is a member of the woodwind family and is played using a single reed mouthpiece, similar to that used in a clarinet. Created by Adolphe Sax in 1846, the instrument fills the middle ground between woodwind and brass. The success of the saxophone in big band pieces led to its wide use in jazz and blues by stars such as John Coltrane and Charles Parker, Jr.
Big bands typically feature at least three trumpets. Trumpets have the highest register in the brass family; they are essential components for carrying the melody and producing solos. Modern trumpets are constructed of brass tubing bent twice into a roughly rectangular shape. The player blows into the mouthpiece with lips tightly pursed to create a distinctive buzzing sound. The tone is changed by pressing one or more of three piston valves that alter the length of the tubing, changing the note.
Big bands include four trombones. A trombone is recognizable by the telescopic slide that controls its tone. By reducing the length of tubing through the sliding valve, the player can slide between notes. This technique, called a glissando, makes the trombone ideal for swing-style big-band music.
Big-band rhythm sections are responsible for providing the solid dance beats that lay the foundations of the song, allowing soloists the freedom to play. This section typically comprises a piano, an acoustic or electric bass, a guitar and drums. Drums were played using either sticks or brushes, depending on the volume and style of the track.