Three-point lighting is the standard lighting technique used in both film and television. The three lights used are the key light, fill light and back light. The key light is angled directly at the subject and is the main light source. The fill light is a softer source placed on the opposite side of the subject to soften the harsh shadows created by the key light. The back light is positioned behind the subject to separate her from the background and give depth to the shot.
A special type of three-point lighting is short lighting. Unlike standard three-point lighting in which the main light is directed at the side of the face closest to the camera, short lighting illuminates the side of the face turned way from the camera, casting shadows on the close side. This has two main effects: it creates a dramatic look and it has a slimming effect on the face.
Originating in the Renaissance, chiaroscuro refers to using shadow to create depth in a painting. In film, this involves the use of a single light and a dark background to bring out harsh shadows and highlights. This makes the subject more three-dimensional and can give a sense of foreboding or allure to a scene. Using a blue filter on the light can simulate moonlight for night shots, while a red filter can simulate candlelight.
Natural lighting involves lighting a shot or scene with only practical lights such as table lamps or window light. While this style of lighting can be used for certain artistic or practical reasons, it is sometimes the default choice for a particular location. Natural lighting is more difficult because the lights are fixed in a specific location and are not as bright as studio lights. An example of this style of lighting is in the film "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind."