Scientific Illustration:
* Detailed drawings: Haeckel was known for his meticulously detailed illustrations of various organisms, particularly those from the ocean. He used a combination of pen and ink, watercolor, and lithography to create stunning and accurate depictions.
* Microscopic observations: Haeckel made extensive use of microscopes to study the minute details of organisms, which he then incorporated into his illustrations.
* Scientific accuracy: He strived for accuracy in his illustrations, adhering to the scientific observations of the time, though his work was sometimes criticized for exaggeration and artistic license.
Artistic Techniques:
* Art Nouveau influence: His illustrations often reflected the aesthetic of Art Nouveau, incorporating flowing lines, organic shapes, and a sense of dynamism.
* Symbolism and philosophy: Haeckel infused his work with philosophical and spiritual meaning, representing his theories about evolution, monism, and the interconnectedness of life.
* Aesthetic appeal: He aimed for a visual impact that would engage viewers and convey the beauty and wonder of the natural world.
Other Notable Techniques:
* Lithography: Haeckel frequently used lithography to reproduce his illustrations in books and publications, allowing for wider dissemination of his work.
* Photography: Although not as prevalent as his illustrations, Haeckel also employed photography to document his research and capture the appearance of organisms.
It's important to note that while Haeckel's illustrations were highly influential in popularizing scientific knowledge, they have also been subject to debate regarding the balance between scientific accuracy and artistic expression. Nevertheless, his work remains a testament to the power of art and science to illuminate the complexities of the natural world.