1. Caution vs. Defiance: Ismene urges Antigone to be cautious and not defy Creon's orders against burying Polyneices. She is concerned about the consequences and the potential punishment, prioritizing safety over principles. In contrast, Antigone is willing to risk everything to give her brother a proper burial, demonstrating her unwavering sense of duty and adherence to religious customs.
2. Conformity vs. Individualism: Ismene represents the inclination to follow societal norms and expectations. She is more focused on societal consequences and what others might think or say. Antigone, on the other hand, demonstrates individualism by prioritizing her own moral principles and beliefs over social rules and opinions. She is willing to stand alone in her convictions, showcasing her strong moral character.
3. Submissiveness vs. Assertiveness: Ismene displays submissiveness to authority and societal norms. She is not assertive in expressing her convictions and seems more preoccupied with avoiding trouble. In contrast, Antigone is assertive and fearless in expressing her beliefs and standing up for what she considers to be right.
4. Fear of Consequences vs. Moral Duty: Ismene is primarily motivated by fear of the consequences of defying authority. She worries about the potential punishment and the shame it could bring to their family. Antigone, however, is guided by her moral duty to honor her brother and perform the burial rites, regardless of the personal risks involved.
By presenting Ismene as a foil to Antigone, Sophocles creates a dynamic contrast that highlights Antigone's qualities, such as her unwavering sense of duty, indomitable spirit, and willingness to stand up for her principles even when confronted with overwhelming opposition.