There are many different types of knowledge that can cause dramatic irony. Some common examples include:
* Knowledge of the future: The audience may know that a certain character is in danger, even though the character themselves is unaware.
* Knowledge of the past: The audience may know about a character's past that is unknown to the other characters in the story.
* Knowledge of a secret: The audience may know about a secret that is being kept from other characters.
* Knowledge of a character's true identity: The audience may know that a certain character is actually someone else, while the other characters in the story are unaware of this.
Dramatic irony can be a powerful tool for creating tension and suspense in a story. It can also be used to create humor, as the audience laughs at the characters' ignorance of the truth.
Here are some examples of dramatic irony in literature and film:
* In Shakespeare's play *Romeo and Juliet*, the audience knows that the two lovers are destined to die, even though they are unaware of this themselves.
* In the film *The Sixth Sense*, the audience knows that the main character, Malcolm Crowe, is actually a ghost, even though he is unaware of this himself.
* In the TV series *Lost*, the audience knows that the island on which the characters are stranded is actually purgatory, even though the characters themselves are unaware of this.
Dramatic irony is a powerful tool that can be used to create a variety of effects in a story. It can be used to create suspense, humor, or even tragedy.