- Repetition: The second line of each stanza is repeated, creating a sense of rhythm and musicality.
- Alliteration: The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words in close succession, creates a sense of euphony and musicality. For example, "Over hill, over dale" (repetition of the "o" sound) and "Through bush, through brier" (repetition of the "th" sound).
- Metaphor: A comparison of two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as." For example, "I know a bank where the wild thyme blows, / Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows." Here, the bank is being compared to a garden.
- Personification: Giving human characteristics to an animal, object, or idea. For example, "But they do square that all their elves for fear / Creep into acorn cups and hide them there." Here, the elves are being given human characteristics, such as fear and the ability to hide.